Mineralogy
Code
10664
Academic unit
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Department
Departamento de Ciências da Terra
Credits
6.0
Teacher in charge
Joaquim António dos Reis Silva Simão
Weekly hours
5
Total hours
106
Teaching language
Português
Objectives
The study of minerals, their chemical composition and crystalline structure and the distribution of elements in the crystal structure. Occurrences, important factors for their formatios, mineral association in the rocks. Physical and chemical properties, diagnostic properties. Optical characteristics.
Subject matter
GENERAL PROGRAM
1. Introduction
Definition of mineral.
History and progress in mineralogy.
Economic importance of minerals.
Importance of the study of mineralogy.
2. Crystallography
Properties of matter. Poliedry and crystalline state. Processes of cristalization.Simetriy of crystals. Unit cell, spatial networks, networks of Bravais; elements of extern symmetry.The seven crystallographic systems: cubic, or isometric, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, trigonal, monoclinic triclinic. Procedure to the description of the crystals. Law of constancy of interfacial angles, measurement of interfacial angles (goniometry). Stereographic projection (Wulff net). Reference crystallographic axes of the faces and its names. Axial ratio, Miller symbols . Crystallographic Forms; closed shapes and open forms .The 32 classes of crystals. Interdependency Theorems . Geminação (or twinning). Repeated Twinning examples of twinning, twinning causes.
3. X-rays and crystal structure
Application of the X-ray study of matter critstalina. Characteristics of X-rays. X-ray diffraction. Lauegrams; rotating crystal method, Method of powders or Debye, Scherrer & Hull. Diffractometry.
4. Physical properties of minerals
Density (and density measurement), density and polimorfism .Hardness and cohesive properties, cleavage, fracture, involving tenacity. Properties related with the excitation energy of the crystal color, fluorescence and phosphorescence, streak; luster (metallic submetálico, non-metallic); piezoelectricity; piroelectricity. Radioactivity. Magnetic Properties of minerals: paramagnetism and diamagnetism.
5. Chemical Mineralogy
Nature and characteristics of major types of electrical forces connecting the constituent particles of crystalline matter, metallic bonding, covalent, ionic and Van der Waals. Structural arrangement. Stability of crystal structures. Electronegatividade. Notion of electrostatic valence. Variation of chemical composition of minerals: diadoquy; solid solution. Exsolution. Typomorphism. Isomorphism and Polymorphism.
6. Descriptive Mineralogy.
Classification of mineral
Native Elements: Metals (copper, silver, gold, platinum), Semi-metals (arsenic, antimony, bismuth), non-metals (diamond, graphite, sulfur).
Sulphides and Sulfosalts. Argentite, chalcocite, bornite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, covellite, cinnabar, pyrite, cobaltite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, molybdenite, tetraedrite, realgar, ouropigmento, estibnite and others.
Halides: halite, sylvite, fluorite, and other carnallite.
Oxides: cuprite, periclase, corundum, hematite, ilmenite, perovskite, group of spinels (magnetite, ulvospinel, chromite), rutile, pyrolusite, cassiterite, uraninite, pyrochlore.
Hydroxide, brucite, gibbsite, goethite, manganite, psilomelano and others.
Carbonates: calcite, magnesite, siderite, rodocrosite, smithsonite, dolomite, aragonite, estroncianite, cerussite, azurite, malachite.
Molibdadtes and tungstates: wolframite and scheeite.
Phosphates, arsenates and Vanadates: apatite, monazite, xenotime, ambligonite, pyromorphite, turquoise, torbernite, autunite, carnotite.
Sulfates, barite, celestite, anglesite, anhydrite, gypsum.
Borates: borax, ulexite and colenanite
Silicates: study of the structures of silicates.Nesossilicatos: group of olivine, zircon, esfena, andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, topaz, garnet.
Sorossilicatos. epidote group , lawsonite, hemimorfite, melilite, vesuvianite.
Cyclosilicates: beryl, cordierite, tourmaline.
Inosilicates: the pyroxene group, group wolastonite, the amphibole group.
Phyllosilicates, serpentine, pyrophyllite, talc, a group of micas, chlorite group, prenite. Group of clay minerals: a result of the transformation of other minerals, kaolinite and montmorillonite, properties, applications.
Tectossilicates: Group of silica, quartz, cristobalite, tridymite, opal);
Feldspar (alkali: sanidine, orthoclase, microcline, adularia, anortoclase, Plagioclase and albite: albite, oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, bitownite, anorthite), group of feldspathoids: (nepheline, leucite, sodalite), group of zeolites (analcite , chabazite, laumontite, estilbite, apofilite, natrolite) escapolite; cancrinite.
Bibliography
Mineralogy for Students, 3rd Ed. Longman Scientific & Technical Autor(es): Battey, M.H., 2nd. Ed., Ano: 1992
Manual of Mineral Science. Klein, C., Hurlbut, C.S. (after Dana, E.S). John Wiley & Sons. 22nd E., 641p.
Elementos de Cristalografia, 1980. Borges, F. Sodré. F. Calouste Gulbenkian, 624 pp. Minerais, Constituintes das Rochas - Uma Introdução, 1966. Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. & Zussman, Tradução de L.E.N. Conde. F. Calouste Gulbenkian. Mineralogy, 1959.
A Textbook of Mineralogy. Berry, L.G. & Mason, Brian. W.H. Freeman & Company, 1999.
Teaching method
Theoretical and laboratory teaching will always focus on ocurrences and examples. Crystallographic models and mineral samples are brought in to all classes.
Evaluation method
Continuous evaluation with 4 minitests.
Final Exam.