Chemical Thermodynamics
Code
3689
Academic unit
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Department
Departamento de Química
Credits
6.0
Teacher in charge
Susana Filipe Barreiros
Weekly hours
4
Total hours
63
Teaching language
Português
Objectives
Understanding the basic concepts of thermodynamics (laws of thermodynamics and relationships between the macroscopic equilibrium properties of a system), with an emphasis on phase equilibrium and reaction equilibrium.
Prerequisites
None.
Subject matter
Internal energy. Work and heat. The first law of thermodynamics. P-V work. Heat capacity. Perfect gases and the first law. The second law of thermodynamics. The Carnot cycle. Entropy. Temperature scales. Helmholtz and Gibbs energies. Thermochemistry. Standard enthalpy and entropy. The third law of thermodynamics. Fundamental equations for a closed system in equilibrium. The Maxwell relations. The Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. Extension of the Gibbs equations to processes involving exchange of matter with the surroundings or irreversible composition changes. The chemical potential. One-component phase equilibrium. The phase rule. The Clapeyron equation. Chemical potential of an ideal gas. Real gases. Fugacity and fugacity coefficient. Solutions. Partial molar quantities. The Gibbs-Duhem equation. Ideal solutions. Raoult''''s law. Freezing-point depression and boiling-point elevation. Ideal solubility of a solid in a liquid. Osmotic pressure. Ideally dilute solutions. Henry''''s law. Nonideal solutions. Activity. Convention I and Convention II activity coefficients. Excess functions. Partial miscibility. Reaction equilibrium. The equilibrium constant. The Debye-Hückel theory of electrolyte solutions.
Bibliography
1. Physical Chemistry, I. Levine, 5ª ed., McGraw-Hill, 2003.
2. Termodinâmica Aplicada, E. Gomes de Azevedo, 3ª ed., Escolar Editora, 2011.
3. Physical Chemistry, P. Atkins, J. de Paula, 7ª ed., Oxford University Press, 2002.
4. Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences, R. Chang, University Science Books, 2000.
Teaching method
All lectures combine the presentation of fundamental concepts with problem solving, a key element of any physical chemistry course involving a reasonable load of mathematics (kept as simple as possible).