Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
Code
12031
Academic unit
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Department
Departamento de Química
Credits
6.0
Teacher in charge
Ana Maria Ferreira da Costa Lourenço
Weekly hours
6
Total hours
72
Teaching language
Português
Objectives
It is intended that students acquire the ability to understand the behavior of a set of natural and synthetic organic compounds used over the years in producing different objects and works of art. To this effect they must first understand the structure, properties and reactivity of the functional groups involved in the structures of the compounds in question - carbohydrates and polysaccharides, amino acids and proteins, triglycerides, fatty acids, oils and waxes, color compounds of natural or synthetic origin.
Students are prepared to perform qualitative tests that are used in the laboratory to identify the presence, to separate, and to understand the behavior of monomeric and polymeric molecules described in the course syllabus.
Prerequisites
There are none.
Subject matter
1. Carbon compounds: Bonding and structure
Chemical bonding - the atom and its structure; the chemical bond; electronegativity; carbon covalent bonding. Organic compounds – formulas in organic compounds; classification of organic compounds. Reactions – acids and bases; electrophiles and nucleophiles; introduction to reaction mechanisms.
2. Organic compounds
Hydrocarbons - structure and properties; isomerism – constitutional, cis-trans isomerism and conformational isomerism, introduction to optical isomerism. Other functional groups – structure and properties. Determination of structure – brief reference to separation methods and spectroscopic methods.
3. Oils and fats
Structure and properties. Degree of unsaturation and physical state; iodine number. Reactions of hydrogenation, saponification and oxidation. Drying oils, the drying process and factors affecting it. Yellowing of oil films. Uses in conservation and restoration.
4. Natural waxes
Structure and properties.
5. Natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers
Types of polymers. Brief history of the development of synthetic polymers. Chemical bonds - polyolefins, polyesters and polyamides. Peptides and proteins - occurrence, examples, functions and properties. Amino-acids – structure and properties; chirality. Peptides and proteins – characteristics, structure and properties. Mechanisms of protein degradation - hydrolisis, photodegradation and biodegradation Amino acid dating of proteinaceous materials. Analysis of proteins – brief reference. Polymer uses in art, conservation and restoration.
6. Carbohydrate
Occurrence and functions. Structure and properties. Terminology and classification.Glycosidic bond - characteristics, formation and hydrolysis formation. Structures and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Particular reference to cellulose and its derivatives (cellulose nitrate and acetate), chitin, starch and glycogen. problems associated aith conservation and restauration of paper.
7. Dyestuffs and other coloured materials. Structural characteristics and examples.
Bibliography
- P. Mata, "Notas de Apoio às Aulas Teóricas de Química Orgânica", 2004.
- J. S. Mills, R. White, “The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects”, Butterworth-Heineman, 1994.
- Pedro Paulo Santos, "Química Orgânica", Vol 1, Coleção Ensino da Ciência e da Tecnologia, IST Press, 2011.
- Pedro Paulo Santos, "Química Orgânica", Vol 2, Coleção Ensino da Ciência e da Tecnologia, IST Press, 2012.
Teaching method
During theoretical classes the content described in the course program is presented. The exposition of the subjects will be done with the support of data-show and always seeking to establish the interactivity between the teacher and the students.
Two theoretical tests are performed in theoretical classes. The first test takes place in the middle of the semester and the second at the end.
In practical classes, the laboratory work is directly related with the theoretical course content (7 practical classes/ 7 practical works).
Four theoretical-practical classes allows to solve problems on the theoretical subjects, and clarification of doubts.
A written and individual test is carried out in the last class of the semester.
Evaluation method
Assessment proceeds continuously.
The overall evaluation of the course has both a theoretical and a practical components. For approval to each of these components the student has to be ranked equal to or greater than 9.5 points (scale 0-20 points).
Theoretical evaluation
In the theoretical part will be taken into account the frequency and participation in class . They undertook two tests during the semester. This theoretical evaluation has a weight of 70 % of the final grade .
The written tests are individual , written without consultation and will be classified from 0 to 20.
Students who do not test and have not got enough middle may sit the examination .
Practice evaluation
To practice note will be considered continuous assessment during the semester and a practical test . Continuous assessment includes the preparation of practical work, the development of laboratory work and specification of individual laboratory . The test is individually written without consultation and has a weight of 50 % for the practice note.
The global practice note has weight of 30 % towards the final grade discipline .
Students with Frequency Prior Years
Students who completed the practice in previous years and achieved a rating equal to or higher than 10 do not need to perform practical work.
If they wish to improve the practical course mark, they may repeat the practical work and will take the best of both notes .